TNA
Di hari ahad, Dr Lukas sahabat saya yang juga ketua IAIS (Indonesia Artificial Intelligence Society) yang tengah viral karena kiprahnya bersama media Kompas dalam mengedukasj perkara AI di tanah air, mengirimi saya tautan sebuah artikel di Detik.com.
Artikel itu sendiri mengupas sebuah fenomena “keabadian” yang diperlihatkan oleh spesies Hydra. Makhluk mungil yang menurut pembangian taksonomi merupakan bagian dari metazoa yang tergolong dalam coelenterata dan termasuk filum Cnidaria. Ukurannya sangat kecil dengan panjang hanya sekitar 20 milimeter. Hydra memiliki 10-12 tentakel yang mengelilingi kepalanya. Uniknya hewan yang satu marga dengan ubur-ubur dan polip karang ini dikenal juga sebagai makhluk abadi. Bahkan jika bagian yang dianggap kepala terputus maka akan ada serangkaian gen yang siap menunjang terjadinya proses regenerasi. Bahkan dalam waktu yang relatif sangat singkat, kurang dari 48 jam.
Kang Dr Lukas tentu tidak berhenti hanya sampai soal sharing menyharing saja, sebagai cendekiawan terkemuka negeri +62 tentulah memiliki pemikiran yang berotot, sehingga pernyataan ataupun pertanyaanya pastilah berbobot, dan yang ditanya hampir dapat dipastikan akan repot.
Betul dugaan saya, pernyataan menyentil yang rada usil muncul dengan sejenis pertanyaan retorika yang rada tengil… “kalau di teknik ini mirip dengan mekanisme hamming code ya Kang? ” Demikian pancingan mautnya pada saya.
Tapi pernyataan ketua IAIS, sekaligus honourable member dari KORIKA ini memang logis dan sangat serius, serta berimplikasi besar pada konsep pengembangan peradaban yang saat ini tengah dipantik oleh kemajuan AI dan ilmu-ilmu hayati. Untuk itu perlu kiranya kita juga sedikit memahami pola pikir beliau, terutama terkait dengan Hydra yang tergolong Cnidaria dengan hamming code yang digunakan untuk mengoreksi error pada data yang ditransmisi.
Hamming code adalah himpunan error correcting code yang dapat digunakan untuk mendeteksi dan mengoreksi bit error yang dapat terjadi saat data komputer dipindahkan atau disimpan. Hamming code yang paling sering digunakan adalah kode Hamming (7,4) dan kode Hamming (8,4), dimana Hamming code bekerja dengan menambahkan beberapa bit ekstra pada beberapa posisi bit pesan yang disebut cek bit (bit parity), dengan menggunakan logika Ex-OR untuk mencari nilai cek bit berdasarkan nilai bit pesan (Abuelyaman, et al., 2008).
Parity atau bit parity adalah sebuah sistem pendeteksi keadaan error yang menguji integritas data antara sistem komputer dan jaringannya. Cek parity menggunakan 9 bit ekstra yang mencakup nilai 0-1 (tergantung dari kandungan data dari byte).
Dalam prakteknya proses koreksi pada data error antara lain dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode Forward Error Control Coding atau Forward Error Correction (FEC). Dimana FEC adalah mekanisme penambahan bit- bit redundan saat pengiriman data dengan tujuan meningkatkan kemampuan koreksi kesalahan data yang diterima.
Saya sampaikan pada Kang Lukas, bahwa proses koreksi terotomasi yang diterapkan pada struktur data, tak ubahnya seperti mekanisme yang terdapat dalam proses reparasi DNA atau DNA repair. Dimana dalam proses reparasi DNA setidaknya terdapat 5 mekanisme utama seperti base excision repair (BER), nucleotide excision repair (NER), mismatch repair (MMR), homologous recombination (HR), dan _non homologous end joining (NHEJ). (Chatterjee, Walker, 2010)
Kembali ke Cnidaria ataupun Hydra, timbul pertanyaan fundamental, bagaimana Hydra dapat terus beroperasi sebagai entitas biologi, di saat ada bagian dari sistem pengendali fisiologinya hilang? Kepalanya putus. Untuk itu perlu diketahui bahwa Hydra dan sebagian besar Coelenterata adalah hewan yang memiliki sistem saraf difus yang dapat mendeteksi dan memberikan respon terhadap suatu rangsangan secara merata dari segala arah.
Hewan dengan sistem saraf difus ini antara lain adalah Ctenophora dan Coelenterata (Cnidaria). Contoh spesies dari Ctenophora adalah ubur-ubur sisir.
Sistem syaraf difus sendiri terdiri dari jejaring syaraf yang didistribusikan secara merata ke seluruh tubuh, sementaea sistem syaraf terpusat terdiri dari sel-sel syaraf yang terkonsentrasi di otak dan sumsum tulang belakang yang merupakan jaringan dan organ utama sistem persyarafan.
Sistem syaraf difus adalah bentuk sistem syaraf primordial yang ditemukan paling awal pada hewan. Sedangkan sistem syaraf terpusat adalah bentuk sistem syaraf yang dianggap telah berkembang sejalan dengan tuntutan pemenuhan kebutuhan fungsional dan adanya peluang pengembangan melalui mekanisme evolusi biologis.
Salah satu keluarga Cnidaria yang ber syaraf difus dan diduga immortal adalah Hydra. Sebagian besar keluarga filum Cnidaria memang “immortal”, termasuk beberapa spesies ubur-ubur. Yang paling banyak diteliti adalah Turritopsis dohrnii, yang dapat melakukan proses biological reverse.
Ubur-ubur itu pada umumnya dari fase telur berkembang menjadi larva yang dikenal sebagai planula. Lalu setelah itu menjadi polip, dan dari koloni polip ada tunas yang tumbuh dan berkembang menjadi ubur2. Pada turritopsis dohrnii di saat ada tekanan dan ancaman terhadap kehidupannya, dia dapat merubah diri ke fase-fase awal siklus biologinya.
Fenomena ini memiliki homologi dengan sistem AI dengan core code yang dapat merepair/recovery suatu kondisi anomali. Mekanismenya juga dapat dilakukan dengan mempelajari atau mereplikasi/mimikri proses DNA repair yang memang cara kerjanya adalah memperbaiki dan “menambal” beberapa segmen gen yang berubah karena mutasi ataupun delesi/terhapus.
Kembali ke Cnidaria, termasuk Hydra, mereka memiliki kapasitas dan potensi untuk melakukan mekanisme “distributed intelligence” dengan ciri adanya mekanisme pengambilan keputusan yang didesentralisasi serta dapat terjadi secara lokal, dan itu didukung oleh potensi genetik berupa sekumpulan gen yang didedikasikan untuk melakukan proses reparasi dan regenerasi sel-sel yang merupakan inti dari suatu unit atau individu biologi.
Pentingnya proses reparasi atau mekanisme perbaikan DNA membuat banyak penelitian berfokus pada upaya menemukan mekanismenya, dan mencari cara agar prosesnya dapat direplikasi dan dimanifestasikan untuk memperbaiki kerusakan segmen DNA yang kerap terjadi. Kerusakan DNA sendiri dapat terjadi karena faktor-faktor eksternal dan faktor internal.
Mekanisme reparasi DNA antara lain dapat diamati pada pengelolaan sel-sel kulit yang banyak mengalami mutasi. Dimana mutasi pada kulit biasanya diakibatkan oleh teriknya sinar mentari yang menghasilkan radiasi UV. Proses repair dapat memperbaiki kondisi itu, hingga day by day, kerusakan akibat intensitas UV dan juga efek rumah kaca selalu diantisipasi dengan penggunaan sistem repair secara berkesinambungan.
Paparan sinar Ultra Violet khususnya UV-B dengan panjang gelombang 280-315 nm dapat merubah struktur DNA. Perubahan tersebut membentuk struktur cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) dan 6-4 photoproducts (6-4PPs).
Perubahan struktur DNA pada akhirnya dapat memicu kegagalan kontrol siklus sel yang berakibat pada munculnya keganasan atau neoplasma di tubuh organisme.(Jumardin Rua, Warstek, 2020)
Radiasi Ultra Violet (UV) menyebabkan perubahan struktur basa nitrogen penyusun DNA. Dimer timin adalah molekul baru yang terbentuk dari reaksi antara dua basa nitrogen yang sama. Molekul ini terbentuk akibat terpapar sinar UV dan memiliki potensi menyebabkan penyakit.
Uniknya proses perbaikan kerusakan DNA akibat paparan UV ini juga menggunakan UV sebagai pemantik prosesnya. Tepatnya dengan menggunakan enzim Fotoliase atau dikenal juga dengan fotoreaktivasi. Dimana Fotoliase merupakan enzim yang dapat memperbaiki DNA rusak menggunakan energi sinar tampak untuk memutus cincin siklobutana dimer. Enzim ini berbobot 50-60 kg/mol (kilo Dalton) yang memiliki dua kofaktor non kovalen. Kedua kofaktor tersebut yaitu Flavin Adenin Dinukleotida (FADH–) dan Meteniltetrahidrofolat (MTHF) atau 8-hidroksi-5-deazariboflavin (8-HDF).
Proses fotoreaktivasi sendiri diawali dengan sinar UV yang mengkonversi basa nitrogen Timin (basa pirimidin) yang berdekatan menjadi Siklobutana Pirimidin Dimer (CPD). Adanya enzim fotoliase yang menggunakan energi cahaya tampak (UV-visible) berwarna biru digunakan untuk memutus dua ikatan timin dimer dan mengkonversinya menjadi dua basa nitrogen timin yang terpisah (hanya disatukan ikatan fosfat).
Fenomena ini diketahui saat seorang peneliti dari lab Cold Spring Harbor menemukan fakta bahwa ada koloni bakteri yang dianggap telah mati karena radiasi UV ternyata dapat hidup kembali. Fenomena ini dicatat oleh Albert Keluar, peneliti tersebut, pada tahun 1949 yang kemudian dari data yang ada Claud S Rupert dan Azis Sancar muridnya, melanjutkan pencarian faktor penyebab fenomena ini. Ditemukanlah mekanisme fotoreaktivasi yang dikatalisa oleh enzim fotoliase yang kita bahas di atas. (Disarikan dari artikel Jumardin Rua di situs Warstek, diakses pada 12-03-2023).
Berangkat dari keistimewaan fenomena auto koreksi dan auto regenerasi yang kita pelajari di Cnidaria dan juga hamming code, kita dapat melihat representasi kecerdasan alamiah yang begitu menakjubkan.
Fungsi dan kapasitas biologis ini saat ini mulai mendapat perhatian khusus karena dianggap dapat menjadi pemantik inovasi teknologi yang telah memasuki era kecerdasan buatan sebagai lokomotifnya .
Sebagai gambaran kini telah berkembang pendekatan organoid intelligence yang antara lain digeluti oleh Thomas Hartung. Dimana dalam pendekatan tersebut digunakan sel neuron manusia yang dibiakkan melalui teknik kultur sel punca. Sel punca pluripoten dikembangkan menjadi struktur 3 dimensi di bioreaktor rotasional. Untuk selanjutnya digunakan sebagai “bola” prosesor di sistem komputasi organoid.
Ada hal unik terkait sistem prosesing yang selama ini digunakan dalam proses komputasi alamiah di otak manusia. Hubungan relasional yang diduga menghasilkan fungsi kognisi ataupun memori selama ini dinisbatkan pada peran neurotransmiter. Perkembangan piranti risey yang lebih maju (advanced) telah membawa pengetahuan baru terkait fungsi dan utilitas dari setiap area dalam sirkuit sistemik di otak. Pendekatan ini dibantu oleh pemanfaatan fMRI dan juga teknik pemetaan konektom yang diawali dengan keberhasilan membangun konektom penuh satu hewan, yaitu pada spesies cacing gelang Caenorhabditis elegans. (White et al., 1986).
Tetapi ternyata kesadaran bukanlah sistem yang sederhana dan besar dugaan dibangun oleh integrasi beberapa fungsi kompleks yang melibatkan banyak bagian dari otak. Salah satu mekanisme yang secara hipotetikal diajukan sebagai teori terbangunnya kesadaran atau super kognisi adalah teori Orch OR yang digagas oleh Roger Penrose dan Hameroff.
Pendekatan Penrose dan Hameroff bertumpu pada teori mekanika kuantum dengan konsep super posisi dan entanglement yang terjadi di struktur mikrotubulus.
Sehingga data komputasi neuron dianggap bukanlah bit melainkan qubit. Qubit didasarkan pada dipol berosilasi yang membentuk cincin resonansi superposisi dalam jalur heliks di seluruh kisi mikrotubulus. Osilasi yang baik listrik, karena pemisahan muatan dari gaya London , atau magnet, karena spin elektron dan mungkin juga karena spin nuklir (yang dapat tetap terisolasi untuk waktu yang lebih lama) yang terjadi dalam rentang frekuensi gigahertz , megahertz , dan kilohertz.
Orkestrasi mengacu pada proses hipotetis di mana protein penghubung, seperti protein terkait mikrotubulus (MAP), memengaruhi atau mengatur pengurangan status qubit dengan memodifikasi pemisahan ruang waktu dari status superimposisi mereka.
Melihat interaksi yang bersifat spektral di jaringan otak manusia maka proses neurotransmisi tampaknya merupakan salah satu dari sekumpulan model komunikasi otak. Pendekatan mekanika kuantum menempatkan entanglement menjadi suatu keniscayaan sebagai model komunikasi otak yang terlibat dalam proses-proses luhur, khususnya dalam membangun kesadaran. Mekanisme ini dalam penjelasan di atas menyinggung peran gaya London. Dimana Gaya London (disebut juga gaya dispersi London atau hanya gaya dispersi) merupakan gaya tarik menarik antara atom dan molekul. Gaya London merupakan bagian dari gaya antar molekul yang terjadi antara molekul nonpolar dengan molekul nonpolar. Gaya ini merupakan bagian dari gaya Van der Waals.
Intinya, sejalan dengan perkembangan teknologi biokomputing dan pengetahuan-pengetahuan baru tentang berbagai mekanisme biologis, maka integrasi kedua sistem untuk menjadi super reality intelligence atau SRI menjadi amat potensial.
Dengan kata lain kita memiliki opsi dan kemungkinan untuk menciptakan sebuah sistem cerdas berkesadaran. Yang tidak sekedar mengotomasi fungsi, melainkan juga telah dapat mengakomodir persepsi dan kehendak bebas.
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The 9 Best Case Management Software For Law Firms in 2022
AUG 23, 2022
Law firms can sometimes be endlessly chaotic. Lawyers, paralegals, and staff members must organize, analyze, and manage every aspect of multiple cases. They must track and monitor:
Deadlines,
Statutes of limitations,
Filing requirements,
Client records,
Billing,
Expert witnesses,
Evidence,
and much more.
Even a smaller case can require a great deal of time organizing documents and tracking details.
Effective case management is crucial in every law office.
Regardless of the size of the case or the size of the law firm, failing to have an efficient case management system makes your job much more difficult, at the very least.
Even worse, failing to manage your cases could result in a costly error or a mistake with irreversible consequences.
Your law practice doesn’t have to be ruled by chaos. The best case management software available today allows you to incorporate all aspects of managing a case into one platform.
Table of Contents
What Should You Look for When Choosing Case Management Software?
There are many options for case management software. You need to choose software that meets your specific needs.
Each law firm is unique, and lawyers may have different preferences.
Fortunately, there are options that allow you to customize a case management program to fit your needs.
Things you may want to consider include:
The ease of transferring, storing, and retrieving information
The ability of the software to work with other programs to gather information and data
Make minor adjustments and modifications to the system without going through the provider
The provider offers ongoing, quality support
Ability to configure the system to adapt it to your needs and current systems
Ease of retrieving data and create reports, forms, and other documents
The ability to track time, expenses, and generate invoices and billing documents
Accept online and credit card payments
Prepare documents for trial and monitor litigation deadlines
Many software companies offer free demos or free trial periods. You might need to try several case management software systems before finding the best system for you.
What Are Some Popular Case Management Software Systems for Law Firms?
Some of the popular case management software systems available today include:
CASEpeer,
FileVine,
SmartAdvocate,
Litify,
MyCase,
Clio,
Thomson Reuter’s Legal Tracker,
Trialworks, and
LawRuler.
Here’s a brief overview of each of these top-rated attorney case management systems:
CASEPeer Logo
CASEPeer is designed specifically for personal injury law firms. This cloud-based system offers time-saving and organizational features such as:
Settlement tools to track demands, offers, liens, fees, and costs
Dedicated tracking of discovery requests and responses
Integrated calendar
Automated notifications for statute of limitations
From the company: “CASEpeer’s powerful built-in tools allow you to constantly evaluate your organization’s workflow, identify opportunities to further develop employees, more effectively communicate on client’s cases, and maximize productivity and results.” -Lucero Smith, COO, CASEPeer
Demo: Interested in seeing how CASEPeer can help to transform your law firm into a well-oiled machine? Contact CASEPeer today to get started with a free demo.
Filevine Logo
FileVine is highly customizable and allows you to keep notes, documents, client communication, and calendar in one place.
Additional features include:
Allows multiple users
Ability to text and email clients
Task and deadline management
Integrates with more than 2,000 programs
Good choice for document management
Demo: Want to see how FileVine can help you transform your law firm operations? Book a free demo that’s customized to your firm’s particular needs.
Smart Advocate Logo
SmartAdvocate is a fully integrated legal case management system. Initially designed for personal injury and mass tort litigation practices, it is now used by a large range of litigation firms.
Features include:
Specific tool for tracking insurance information
Automated workflows
Medical records tracker
Fee calculator lets you enter the settlement amount and break out your firm’s fee, any referral fees or other costs for each client
From the company: “We take pride with each annual release,” Igor Selizhuk, CTO at SmartAdvocate states, “because with each release, we fulfill our promise to our clients to continually provide them with a system that matches their evolving needs.”
Demo: Interested in learning more about Smart Advocate? Check out their story and discover how this top-rated case management system can be a catalyst for success.
Litify Logo
Litify is an integrated solution designed for mid-size and large law firms. It is built on the popular Salesforce platform used by many businesses for automation and analytics.
It features:
Robust security
Automated tasks
Customizable dashboard to track key performance indicators
Testimonial: “Working with Litify is like having the best developers in the world as my software guys,” said Johnson. “They understand the legal industry, know what works for the big firms, and bake the best practices right into the platform.
As the owner of a younger firm, I don’t have to reinvent the wheel.” Anthony Johnson Owner, Attorney at Law Johnson Firm
Visit www litify com to learn more about how you, your team, and your clients could all benefit from a partnership with Litify.
Mycase Logo
MyCase offers an all-in-one case management software solution to document management, time tracking, invoicing, payment collection, and calendaring.
Some of its key features are:
Simple user-friendly interface
Simple pricing structure includes all features instead of having to add options
Unlimited e-signatures included
MyCase offers a free 10-day trial, so you can test the software and see if it’s a good fit for your practice.
Clio Manage Logo
Clio Manage offers a variety of features, including billing, contact management, document management, calendaring, accounting, task management, online payments, and time tracking.
A few highlights of Clio include:
Secure client portal for document sharing
Matter timelines display who made changes and when updates were made
Separate module available for client intake/client relationship management
Clio is versatile and has customizable solutions for everything from solo to large firms.
Thomson Reuters >ogo
Legal Tracker has features such as eBilling, matter management, reporting, analytics, cloud integrations, data services, and legal operations.
It offers such features as:
Legal analytics to track budgets and compare performance of outside legal counsel
Robust reporting system
Excellent collaboration tools
This Thomson Reuters system is geared towards helping corporate in-house legal departments track and organize their legal teams.
Trialworks Logo
Trialworks is a cloud-based solution created by trial lawyers with options for mobile case intake, document management, calendaring, and trial management.
Some distinct features include:
Litigation-centered tools
Based on familiar Microsoft Office platform
Available as software to be used on local network or cloud-based
Offers database conversion (as a separate service)
Check out their website to learn more and schedule a free demo.
Law Ruler Logo
Law Ruler has customized solutions for litigation firms and is integrated with Office 365 for convenient workflow. Its detailed dashboard analytics help you keep track of case status, leads, and marketing performance.
Other features include:
Built-in settlement calculators
Automated text and email reminders
Integrated click-to-call dialer powered by artificial intelligence
Managing your cases effectively improves customer service, as well as your legal services. You have more time to devote to your clients and work on their cases when you do not need to worry about the day-to-day logistics of case management.
FAQs About Law Firm Case Management Software
If you are not familiar with case management software, these frequently asked questions may help you understand why your law firm needs to invest in high-quality case management software.
WHAT IS CASE MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE?
Managing legal cases requires a system for keeping up with detailed information about each case. Case management begins before your client hires your law firm. You need an effective way to perform conflict checks before your client signs a retainer agreement.
Throughout the case, there could be hundreds or thousands of documents to organize, deadlines to monitor, statements to process, and other details that must be analyzed and organized into categories that are easy to search.
You also have billing, client communications, contact information, appointment scheduling, court information, and case notes to organize and manage.
After closing the case, you need a system for storing and archiving the case that allows for continued conflict checks. You may also need to access information in one case to assist with a matter in a related case or similar case.
Today, digital files must be stored, organized, and cataloged. The days of managing legal cases by hand are over.
WHAT CAN CASE MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE DO FOR MY PRACTICE?
Gathering, analyzing, and organizing large amounts of information, data, and documents is a significant element of case management. Many lawyers, paralegals, and case managers have multiple cases they handle. As a result, the volume of data can be overwhelming.
Case management software provides an efficient way to collect and organize data.
Many software programs link to email, telephone, and other systems to create calls and message logs. The information is stored in the client’s file immediately.
Tracking contacts with clients, including calls and emails, through the software help to ensure that you do not miss anything.
Having all the information in one place makes it easy to:
create reports,
visualize evidence, and
collaborate with other staff members.
In addition, everyone within the law firm can access the case files and all information stored in the files from their desktop or tablet.
WHAT ARE OTHER BENEFITS OF CASE MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE?
In addition to managing the data, documents, and other information associated with a client’s case, there are other benefits of using case management software.
REDUCE THE RISK OF MISTAKES
Case management software can reduce the risk of human error. Mistakes happen when you are handling multiple cases and thousands of documents. Case management software completes many of the tasks automatically, which reduces the risk of errors and mistakes.
For example, errors in transferring data to forms could be costly and time-consuming.
When the data is contained in case management software, the software transfers the data ensuring there are no errors.
ENHANCE SECURITY
Lawyers have a fiduciary duty to protect confidential information. A data breach could result in the theft or exposure of sensitive information. Case management software can add another layer of security for data.
The software also automatically backs up entire files to ensure that nothing is lost in case of a data breach or natural disaster.
FACILITATE REMOTE WORK
Lawyers and staff members can access client files and data from work, home, and other locations. In addition, case management software that is cloud-based allows employees to access data even when telecommuting.
TRACK LEADS
In addition to managing your current cases, case management software can help you track leads. An efficient, easy-to-use system to track and follow up with leads increases retention rates for the law firm.
A lead can be entered into the system, forwarded to the correct person to respond, and scheduled for a follow-up. All information about the lead is in one location that is accessible to everyone.
IMPROVE EFFICIENCY
Case management software increases efficiency. Everyone working on a case can access and update information. Having data in a system that permits easy retrieval reduces the time it takes to locate information.
Get More Insight Into Case Management For Your Law Firm
At LawRank, we specialize in SEO for lawyers: getting law firms like yours to rank for competitive, high-volume keywords in competitive markets.
We know that your business operations have to be set up for success when you begin to see an influx of calls and clients.
That’s why we’re ready to help you discuss your case management needs and provide some insight into popular systems. We can even connect with you with leading case management software providers.
Get in touch with our law firm SEO specialists to learn more today.
Updated 2022
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