Beranda Artikel Mencoba Menelisik Konsep Kesadaran Quantum

Mencoba Menelisik Konsep Kesadaran Quantum

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Study suggests quantum processes are part of cognitive and conscious brain functions. Scientists from Trinity College Dublin believe our brains could use quantum computation after adapting an idea developed to prove the existence of quantum gravity to explore the human brain and its workings (Neuroscience News, 2023)

Saat ini teknologi pemindaian dan penelaahan fungsi otak telah berkembang teramat pesatnya. Mulai dari upaya untuk “membaca” otak melalui berbagai varian dari gelombang yang dihasilkannya melalui EEG ataupun qEEG, sampai lebih detil ke fungsi koneksi melalui kajian konektom, ataupun fungsi fisiologi di tingkat sel melalui fMRI, juga fungsi di tingkat molekuler melalui pendekatan optogenetika. Semua telah begitu banyak menyibak rahasia yang selama ini senantiasa menjadi pertanyaan fundamental ummat manusia, bagaimana kita menghadirkan dunia dalam diri kita?

Ada banyak pendekatan juga telah dilakukan, mulai dari yang berfokus pada struktur (anatomi), fungsi hayati (fisiologi), hubungan antar sistem dalam berbagai tingkat hirarki (neurosains), kelainan dan penyakit yang dapat menyertai (neurologi), sampai melakukan tindakan kuratif melalui intervensi dan tindakan koreksi (neurochirurgi). Jangan lupa berkembang pula pendekatan terkaiy implementasi fungsi otak dalam tingkat sosial dan berbagai bentuk interaksi (psikologi dan psikiatri).

Tak pelak pengetahuan kita tentang otak telah semakin komprehensif. Kita telah berhasil memetakan berbagai pusat vital seperti semua area asosiasi sensoris di kulit otak, juga area wicara, motorik, ataupun jejaring konektivitas yang menghubungkan otak dan jaringan syaraf dengan berbagai sistem fisiologi lainnya di tubuh kita.

Kita sudah mulai mahfum dan paham akan berbagai fungsi afeksi dan produk emosinya, juga proses mencerna data hingga dapat berbuah kata, juga cerita, dan bahkan drama yang melibatkan alam semesta dan seisi dunia.

Kita bersama telah mengolah dan bermufakat, membangun konsensus sains tentang beberapa hal terkait, misal tentang pengorganisasian struktur otak hingga dapat dipelajari secara terstruktur melalui pendekatan bernomenklatur.

Kita mengenal konsep lintas ranah yang mengintegrasikan pendekatan biokimia, faali, dan anatomi hingga terkonstruksilah area atau jejaring konsep seperti salience network (SN), default mode network (DMN), dan executive function (EN) yang kita nisbatkan sebagai jawaban atas pertanyaan tentang fungsi otak dalam menyelesaikan tugas-tugas kehidupan.

Ada data yang harus diolah agar tak mentah dan dapat memberi manfaat agar hidup kita selamat. Maka di dalamnya terangkum berbagai mekanisme defensi dalam konteks survivalitas, yang pada tahap berikutnya melahirkan preferensi, motivasi, memori, dan konstruksi rencana aksi sebagai representasi eksistensi.

Karena kapasitas itulah kita mampu mengembangkan kemampuan prokreasi plus disupport kemampuan berkomunikasi untuk memelihara eksistensi melalui optimasi dan utilisasi berbagai model interaksi. Jadi terlihat di sini bahwa manusia itu memang mampu memelihara, sekaligus memiliki kemampuan manipulasi yang semestinya terukur dan terjaga.

Jika kita kembali kepada mekanisme fundamental, maka kita kerap melihat adanya mekanisme linier dengan probabilistik terukur yang tercermin dari berbagai hubungan area otak dan fungsinya secara korelatif kausalistik sederhana. Padahal konsep persepsi misalnya, begitu kompleks dan rumit. Untuk satu data dan kondisi yang sama, setiap individu merdeka untuk membangun persepsinya sendiri, dan mengelola berbagai informasi secara mandiri, meski tak sepenuhnya bebas intervensi. Semesta pasti akan mempengaruhi kita melalui indera.

Maka perjalanan nalar mulai memasuki tahap sadar, bahwa ada jembatan keledai yang mungkin tercipta di antara dunia merdeka dengan probabilitas tak kasat mata, yang pada gilirannya akan maujud dalam sistem deterministik yang selama ini kita ukur dengan menggunakan sensor secara terstruktur.

Jika kita gunakan pendekatan quantum yang mengenal konsep super posisi dan entanglement yang berbicara soal merdekanya kemungkinan dan keterkaitan partikel dalam janji suci yang kaya Einstein spooky, maka tampaknya kita perlu memahami fungsi korespondensi antar dimensi.

Hubungan atau korespondensi dan relasi fungsional antara dimensi quantum dengan dimensi yang teramati dengan hukum fisika klasik yang relatif bersifat deterministik, dapat dijelaskan sebagai berikut;

Prinsip korespondensi menjelaskan bahwa pada situasi makroskopik, fenomena kuantum akan menjadi bagian dari konstruksi fenomena umum sehari-hari, dengan kata lain persamaan Schrodinger
HΨ(x,t)=iℏ ∂t/∂Ψ(x,t), jika bilangan quantum → ∞ maka
lim ₙ ₋₎ ₒₒ HΨ(x,t)=½mv² Ψ(x,t) dimana Ψ(x,t) menunjukkan fungsi gelombang de Broglie yang sangat terlokalisir, alias menjadi partikel 100%.
Prinsip korespondensi juga berlaku pada fenomena relativistik Einstein, dmn
E = Δmc² = mc²(1/√(1-v²/c²) – 1) jika v≪c maka dengan pendekatan ekspansi Taylor dimana v/c→0 maka ruas kanan akan menjadi
E = mc²(1+½v²/c²-1) =½mv² (Murjoko, 2023)

Salah satu konsep dan teori quantum yang menarik untuk dikaji sehubungan dengan fungsi otak manusia adalah entanglement. Meski tentu banyak lagi teori dan hipotesa terkait, baik yang berasal dari ranah fisika ataupun mungkin kimia dan biokimia. Sementara jika kita berfokus pada teori quantum entanglement, dimana secara definisi digambarkan sebagai suatu fenomena di mana dua atau lebih partikel subatomik, seperti elektron atau foton, menjadi terkait secara erat dan saling tergantung dalam kondisi fisika tertentu. Ini berarti bahwa saat satu partikel mengalami perubahan, partikel yang terentang akan merasakan efeknya segera, tanpa memperhatikan jarak di antara mereka.

Mekanisme quantum entanglement dapat dijelaskan dengan rumus khusus yang melibatkan fungsi gelombang partikel-partikel tersebut. Salah satu contoh rumus yang dapat digunakan adalah Bell State (atau Bell State basis):

|\Psi\rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} (|0\rangle_A \otimes |1\rangle_B – |1\rangle_A \otimes |0\rangle_B)

Di sini, |0\rangle_A dan |1\rangle_A mewakili keadaan partikel A (misalnya, elektron pertama) dan |0\rangle_B dan |1\rangle_B mewakili keadaan partikel B (misalnya, elektron kedua). Simbol ototimes (\otimes) mengindikasikan hasil dari produk tensor, yang menggambarkan keterkaitan partikel-partikel tersebut.

Eksperimen yang dapat memberikan gambaran lebih mendetail terkait mekanisme entanglement adalah eksperimen Aspect.
Dimana eksperimen Aspect, atau sering disebut juga sebagai Eksperimen Aspect-Gröblacher, merupakan salah satu eksperimen yang sangat penting dalam menguji fenomena quantum entanglement dan konsep ketidakpastian dalam mekanika kuantum. Eksperimen ini dinamai setelah ilmuwan Alain Aspect yang pertama kali melakukan eksperimen ini pada tahun 1982, serta Markus Gröblacher yang melakukan eksperimen lanjutan pada tahun 2007.

Tujuan utama dari eksperimen Aspect adalah untuk menguji fenomena yang dikenal sebagai “ketidakpastian yang tidak dapat diklasifikasikan secara lokal” atau availability dalam konteks quantum entanglement.Fenomena ini menyatakan bahwa entanglement antara dua partikel terjadi melebihi batasan-batasan yang ditetapkan oleh teori fisika klasik. Artinya, perubahan yang terjadi pada satu partikel entangled dapat langsung mempengaruhi partikel lainnya, tanpa memperhatikan jarak di antara mereka.

Dalam eksperimen Aspect, pasangan partikel entangled (biasanya foton) dihasilkan dan dilewatkan melalui serangkaian pemisahan dan deteksi. Salah satu aspek penting dari eksperimen ini adalah penggunaan pengukuran spin. Dimana spin adalah sifat intrinsik partikel subatomik dan memiliki hubungan dengan momen magnetiknya.

Eksperimen ini memiliki beberapa variasi, tetapi umumnya melibatkan pengukuran spin partikel-partikel tersebut dalam arah yang berbeda dengan menggunakan detektor yang ditempatkan pada jarak yang cukup jauh. Ketika hasil pengukuran spin ini dibandingkan, ternyata hasilnya konsisten dengan prediksi mekanika kuantum dan fenomena entanglement.

Model matematika yang terkait dengan entanglement acap kali melibatkan konsep fungsi gelombang, matriks kekekalan, dan teori probabilitas. Salah satu formulasi matematika yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan keadaan entanglement adalah “vektor keadaan entangled”. Dimana, jika kita memiliki dua partikel A dan B yang entangled, kita dapat menggambarkan keadaan mereka dengan vektor keadaan sebagai berikut:

|\Psi\rangle = a |0\rangle_A |1\rangle_B + b |1\rangle_A |0\rangle_B

Di sini, a dan b adalah koefisien kompleks yang mencerminkan probabilitas masing-masing keadaan. |0\rangle_A dan |1\rangle_A mewakili keadaan partikel A, sedangkan |0\rangle_B dan |1\rangle_B mewakili keadaan partikel B.

Konsep inilah yang saat ini paling memungkinkan untuk menggambarkan mekanisme kerja otak yang bersifat paralel, real time, dan melibatkan berbagai struktur dalam bingkai spektrum fungsi yang tampak kompleks dan memiliki arah operasi bolak-balik serta selalu diwarnai oleh mekanisme interkoneksi.

Hal tersulit dan dianggap paling menantang dalam perkembangan ilmu neurosains adalah mengungkap misteri kesadaran. Dalam tulisan singkat ini kita mencoba mengusung hipotesis kesadaran yang dikonstruksi oleh mekanisme quantum dengan struktur mikrotubulus menjadi efektor yang diduga terlibat.

Dalam konteks konstruksi kesadaran, pembentukan memori, preferensi, persepsi, sampai proses eksekusi aksi, secara hipotetikal Roger Penrose dan Stuart Hameroff melihat adanya hubungan antara mikrotubulus dan fisika quantum.

Hingga dalam konteks teori Orch-OR yang diusulkan oleh Roger Penrose dan Stuart Hameroff secara sistematik digambarkan bahwa mikrotubulus yang merupakan bagian dari sitoskeleton sel, serta terdiri dari jaringan serat protein berbentuk tabung yang ada di dalam sel, adalah organela potensial di neuron yang ideal untuk terjadinya mekanisme quantum.

Mengingat mikrotubulus memiliki peran penting dalam memberikan dukungan struktural, pembagian sel, dan transportasi dalam sel. Hingga dapat mempengaruhi kinerja fisiologis seperti koordinasi proses konfigurasi protein, pembentukan potensial aksi, dan mekanisme neurotransmisi. Sehingga sangat terkait erat dengan mekanisme pembentukan memori, persepsi, dan kesadaran.

Skala mikrotubulus berada di rentang nanometer, yaitu sekitar 10 hingga 25 nanometer dalam diameter. Fisika kuantum berperan dalam skala nanometer, di mana properti-partikel sebagai superposisi dan mekanisme entanglement dapat menjadi berperan secara signifikan.

Dalam teori Orch-OR nya Penrose dan Hameroff, mikrotubulus dianggap sebagai tempat potensial untuk fenomena kuantum. Mikrotubulus memiliki ruang dalam yang cukup untuk memungkinkan atom-atom atau partikel-partikel sub-atom untuk berinteraksi dalam keadaan superposisi, di mana mereka dapat ada dalam beberapa keadaan sekaligus.

Salah satu elemen kunci teori Orch-OR adalah konsep Objective Reduction (OR). OR mengacu pada hipotesis bahwa mekanisme kuantum terjadi dalam mikrotubulus dan akhirnya berdampak pada pengurangan terorganisir (reduksi) superposisi kondisi keseimbangan biokimia di dalamnya. Dimana kondisi ini akan menghasilkan fenomena di mana pilihan terjadi dalam dunia kuantum dan mengarah ke suatu keadaan yang terukur dan terstruktur. Keluarannya dapat berupa kesadaran, persepsi, dan juga reaksi berbentuk aksi terhadap suatu kondisi dan berbagai variabel stimulasi.

Penrose dan Hameroff berhipotesa bahwa OR dalam mikrotubulus dapat memberikan kontribusi pada fenomena kesadaran dan kognisi. Ketika OR terjadi secara kolektif dalam mikrotubulus di berbagai daerah otak, ini dapat membentuk suatu pola atau spektrum aktivitas biolistrik otak yang terorkestrasi dan tergambar dalam hubunga makro seperti yang dapat dilihat di konektom, gelombang otak, dan aktivitas di area otak yang terekam, tergambar, dan terukur, misal dari hasil pemindaian functional MRI (fMRI).

Pada tahap inilah, mekanisme quantum di tingkat sub partikel atau struktur berdimensi nano seperti mikrotubulus, akan berkorespondensi dengan berbagai fungsi yang berada di domain fisika klasik dengan ketentuan dan ketetapan yang lebih bersifat deterministik, tinimbang berada di area dengan pendekatan quantum space yang secara statistik lebih bersifat stokastik. Dimana Menurut Gross (2008), proses stokastik adalah himpunan variabel acak Semua kemungkinan nilai yang dapat terjadi pada variabel acak X(t) disebut ruang keadaan (state space). Satu nilai t dari T disebut indeks atau parameter waktu.

Terlepas dari masih diperlukannya penelitian lanjut yang bersifat lintas disiplin ilmu, setidaknya secara teoritik kita mulai dapat memperoleh gambaran tentang mekanisme kerja otak manusia yang tentu tak terlepas dari hubungan antar elemen kesemestaan yang dapat dipelajari dari banyak sisi dan lintas dimensi.

Pada akhirnya tentu sains dengan pendekatan dan metodologi yang tereplikasi masih akan terus menjumpai lapis-lapis misteri, tapi dari setiap ungkapan lapis misteri yang kita jalani, kita akan terus membangun ekspektasi dan mengonstruksi model apresiasi berbasis daya eksplorasi, hingga hidup akan menjadi sebuah perjalanan yang penuh dengan kegembiraan pengetahuan dan penemuan yang berkesinambungan. 🙏🏾

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  107. Now, McClure has set his sights on the 2023 AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am field and just revealed his top PGA prop bets. You can head to SportsLine now to see all of McClure’s 2023 AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am prop picks, sleepers, head-to-head matchups, best bets, and his top one and done pick. This is strictly a play based on course history and long term form. Jason Day has not been the most reliable golfer the past couple weeks. He missed the cut in Phoenix as well as in San Diego. Neither of those courses are really that similar to the one we find this week, and Jason Day clearly has an eye for Pebble Beach. In his last six starts at this tournament he hasn’t finished worse than 11th. Five of the six have resulted in top-5 finishes as well. 
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    In the first two rounds, Memorial golfers have recorded 135 pars, 72 bogeys and 16 double-bogeys compared to 13 birdies at the par 3 at hole 16. “Anybody under par can win this golf tournament,” said Jack Nicklaus on the CBS Broadcast. “Even Scottie Scheffler, who is 1-under par.” Patrick Cantlay won the 2021 Memorial, outdueling Collin Morikawa in a seesaw battle that included one extra playoff hole, but the heart-rending story of the event will always be the Saturday evening withdrawal of Jon Rahm, who had tested positive for the coronavirus. Rahm, the defending Memorial champion, was informed of his test result at the end of the third round as he left the 18th green with a commanding six-stroke lead. The tournament continued, and Cantlay’s victory will not carry an asterisk in the PGA Tour record book, nor should it.