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Belajar dari Kanjuruhan | Sebuah Penghormatan untuk Para Korban

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Tauhid Nur Azhar
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TNA

Kabar duka menyentak kesadaran kita bersama usai laga antara Arema versus Persebaya di stadion Kanjuruhan sana. Jumlah korban jiwa yang luar biasa, akibat terjadinya kerusuhan seusai laga membuat kita semua terusik dan tentu saja merasa amat sedih karenanya.

Apa yang sebenarnya mendorong terciptanya kondisi di luar kendali yang berakibat pada tragedi yang menelan ratusan korban jiwa tersebut ? Peristiwa seperti yang terjadi di Kanjuruhan, juga pernah terjadi di beberapa tempat lainnya, misal di Hillsborough UK.

Meski berbeda konteks dan faktor penyebab, korban jiwa yang jatuh akibat perilaku kerumunan juga dapat dipelajari dari peristiwa terowongan Al Muawisim Mina.

Tentu saja peristiwa Mina memiliki motif yang berbeda dengan kerusuhan suporter sepakbola. Peristiwa Mina lebih karena keterbatasan infrastruktur saat itu, dan manajemen pergerakan massa yang kurang mempertimbangkan adanya potensi penumpukan di titik-titik rawan yang dapat membahayakan.

Kondisi keterancaman yang tercipta dengan adanya himpitan, desakan, kurangnya udara untuk bernafas, dan penampakan beberapa korban yang bergelimpangan, akan memicu insting defensif untuk bertahan.

Survival Instinct seperti ini maujud dalam upaya untuk mempertahankan kehidupan tanpa mempedulikan keselamatan lian. Akibatnya terjadi pola gerombolan yang saling mengikuti tindakan yang dianggap dapat memberikan jalan keluar dari kesulitan atau tekanan. Tentu kondisi ini menurunkan tingkat kepedulian terhadap keselamatan bersama, dan berkurangnya daya analisis untuk mencari solusi yang bersifat kolektif kolegial.

Motif yang beragam dapat menjadi pemantik perilaku kelompok atau crowd behaviour. Salah satu yang berelasi dengan kasus suporter sepakbola atau kelompok dengan latar budaya dan kepentingan tertentu adalah teori Prosocial Behaviors. Dari kajian literatur ada sebuah premis yang mengaitkan empati dan aktivitas neurobiologi sebagai salah satu penyebab yang melatari terjadinya Collective Action atau CA, neuroactive hormone oxytocin instantiates empathy and promotes prosocial behaviors, including CA (for other similar reviews of the human oxytocin (Bartz et al., 2011; De Dreu, 2012; Feldman, 2012; Guastella and MacLeod, 2012; Kumsta and Heinrichs, 2012; Van IJzendoorn and Bakermans-Kranenburg, 2012; Carter, 2013).

Tragedi Kanjuruhan terjadi karena secara hipotetikal adanya kekecewaan dan kesedihan mendalam dari kelompok suporter tuan rumah yang timnya mengalami kekalahan di kandang sendiri.

Ada ikatan emosional pada tim olahraga tertentu yang secara antropologis dapat digambarkan sebagai simbol representasi kelompok yang menjadi identitas kultural. Ada Aremania, Bonek, ataupun juga Bobotoh dan Jakmania. Sepakbola tak lagi sekedar prestasi dan kompetisi, melainkan juga identitas kelompok yang didalamnya terepresentasi kebanggaan, harapan, dan substitusi sumber kegembiraan, khususnya pada kondisi lain secara umum diirasa merepresi dan menghasilkan depresi kolektif. Misal tekanan ekonomi dan kerawanan sosial yang berlangsung secra kronis, menjadikan keterikatan atau bonding pada suatu simbol yang menjadi identitas sosial alternatif dapat berperan untuk mengalihkan penderitaan menjadi kegembiraan kolektif yang pada gilirannya akan menghadirkan empati dan memantik peningkatan hormon oksitosin.

Dimana dalam penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Shamay et al, ditemukan fakta bahwa pemberian oksitosin intra nasal (ke saluran penghidupan) dapat meningkatkan rasa iri atau cemburu dan juga rasa sombong.

Cinta dan kebanggaan memang bagian tidak terpisahkan dari empati. Dimana empati dapat memicu tindakan kolektif sebagaimana teori berikut: Empathy can promote CA by reducing self-regarding concerns and enhancing other regarding motives (e.g., Batson, 1991).

Cinta yang membuta pada gilirannya akan melahirkan luka yang begitu dalamnya dan kondisi ini mendorong tak hanya oksitosin yang bersifat memelihara, melainkan juga kortisol dan adrenalin yang memantik insting primitif untuk bertahan dan melakukan apa saja.

Apabila ini terjadi dalam sebuah kelompok masyarakat yang mengalami dan memiliki faktor pengaruh lingkungan yang sama dan berada dalam satu habitat yang memiliki kondisi nyaris homogen, maka dapat tercipta suatu Culture bound syndrome, atau sindrom budaya terikat yang merupakan kombinasi gejala psikiatrik dan somatik yang dianggap sebagai penyakit yang dapat dikenali hanya di dalam masyarakat atau budaya tertentu.

Kondisi kemarahan dan luapannya dalam konteks collective action sebagaimana dapat dilihat pada fenomena suporter sepakbola, dalam DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) IV dapat dikategorikan sebagai amuk . DSM IV memecah amuk menjadi dua kategori resmi. Pertama, amuk yang tercipta dari depresi dan kesedihan akibat kehilangan sesuatu; kematian pasangan atau orang yang dicintai, perceraian, kehilangan pekerjaan, uang, jabatan, termasuk kekalahan yang menyakitkan

Bentuk lain dari Amuk kerap dihubungkan dengan masalah mental berupa depresi berat atau gangguan mood lainnya. Amuk dapat berasal dari kemarahan, penghinaan, atau dendam terhadap seseorang, masyarakat, atau objek karena berbagai alasan. Amuk sering dikaitkan dengan psikosis, gangguan kepribadian, gangguan bipolar, dan delusi.

Kecintaan yang sangat besar dalam perilaku prososial yang melahirkan empati mendalam dan keterikatan kultural dapat memicu kemarahan dan amuk jika objek kecintaan tersebut mengalami kondisi tidak sesuai dengan ekspektasi.

Kondisi keterikatan kultural ini telah melahirkan tak hanya norma, melainkan juga akumulasi kecerdasan individual ke dalam kecerdasan kelompok yang bersifat kolegial. Kolektif. Sebagaimana yang termaktub dalam artikel Rosenberg et al, 2016,
researchers in the field of Collective Intelligence have shown that groups can outperform individuals when making decisions, predictions, and forecasts

Saat crowd behaviour telah mengambil alih kesadaran individual dan kemampuan taktis dalam berpikir rasional, dapat terjadi gerakan komunal yang bersifat otonom. Hal ini sesuai dengan pendapat Prof Adrianus Meliala, seorang guru besar kriminologi dari UI:
Amuk massa tidak punya pikiran individual, karena pikiran individual digantikan dengan pikiran kolektif. Itu mengingat amuk tidak memiliki jiwa yang berpikir dan telah digantikan collective mind yang berpikir amat simpel.

Dari aspek neuropsikologi tentu ada peran mirror neuron dan fisiologi survivalitas yang bekerja. Kelompok bergerak dalam sebuah orkestrasi yang terotomasi. Sistem dan mekanismenya dapat diamati pada beberapa model kecerdasan alamiah sebagaimana diperlihatkan pada performa kelompok hewan seperti semut, belibis, ataupun komodo (komodo Mlipir algoritma). Saat ini kita mengenalnya sebagai swarm intelligence atau kecerdasan berjamaah.

Swarm Intelligence dalam ranah collective intelligence termasuk pula crowd behaviour di dalamnya kerap dinisbatkan masuk dalam model kontrol close loop system. Dimana secara teoritik terdapat model
sistem kontrol loop terbuka (open loop control system) yang adalah sistem kontrol dimana aksi kendalinya (input) berdiri sendiri, tidak tergantung dari keluaran (out put) dari proses dan sistem kontrol loop tertutup ( close loop control system) Adalah sistem kontrol dimana aksi pengontrolannya tergantung dari keluaran.

Di alam, sistem kecerdasan berjamaah senantiasa ditujukan untuk mengoptimasi dan menyelaraskan kinerja kelompok. Mencari jalan tersingkat, model distribusi terefektif, ataupun mencari solusi dengan effort paling efisien. Tanpa kita sadari kondisi ini juga tercipta dalam kecerdasan kelompok pelaku aksi kolektif. Ada pola optimasi yang dalam kenyataannya dapat terdistorsi oleh beberapa karakter prososial yang menghasilkan ekses destruksi.

Kita ambil contoh pendekatan persuasi Cialdini ya. Konsep social proof dalam konteks persuasi digambarkan oleh Ciladini sebagai berikut; people doing what they observe other people doing. It’s safety in numbers.

Bahkan kadang tanpa tahu alasan rasionalnya seseorang dapat meniru apa yang orang lain lakukan karena akan merasa aman jika “sama” dengan orang lain.

Sebagai contoh jika tiba-tiba di tengah kerumunan ada seseorang yang menengok ke atas dan melihat langit, apapun yang menarik perhatian orang tersebut di langit e.g UFO, pesawat lewat, contrail, awan, burung, layangan, atau bahkan tidak ada suatu apapun, maka orang-orang yang ada di sekitarnya akan ikut melihat ke atas. Dan jika dilihat orang lain lagi, maka kelompok pendongak ini akan menjadi semakin besar dan tak satupun sebenarnya yakin dengan apa yang dicarinya di langit saat itu.

Secara kontraversi, kondisi tersebut menempatkan seorang makhluk sosial yang tidak ikut dalam tindakan kolektif itu berada dalam kondisi ketidakpastian yang dapat menghasilkan rasa tidak aman. Apapun yang ada di langit saat itu tentu penting bagi eksistensi kita. Dan eksistensi adalah esensi dari presensi yang berkorelasi dengan kapasitas defensi dan survivalitas untuk mengamankan kebutuhan diri.

Maka pada kasus Kanjuruhan, adanya gerakan beberapa orang yang memasuki lapangan karena meluapkan kekecewaan akan dengan mudah memantik collective action dari crowd yang disatukan ikatan prososial yang sama. Kesedihan dan kekecewaan yang sama akan mendorong pengambilan keputusan yang sama. Dan tentu saja secara multi faktor ini akan beririsan dengan berbagai kondisi riil yang terdapat di locus delicti, seperti kondisi infrastruktur, rencana mitigasi dan penanggulan krisis, ketersediaan sumber daya, manajemen crowd control, fasilitas kesehatan dan sarana evakuasi serta mobilisasi korban terdampak, dan banyak hal lainnya, sampai keberadaan benda-benda berbahaya yang dapat dijadikan alat yang dapat meningkatkan derajat destruksi.

Tentu kejadian pedih ini pelajaran yang amat berharga untuk kita semua. Sebuah tantangan juga bagi para pengambil kebijakan dan peneliti lintas disiplin untuk terus mengkaji dan menemukan faktor-faktor pencetusnya, serta tentu saja merumuskan berbagai strategi dan solusi untuk mencegah dan mengatasinya. Termasuk dengan memanfaatkan penerapan teknologi terkini seperti kecerdasan artifisial dan neurosains, atau neuropsikologi.

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Tauhid Nur Azhar

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